Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

ABSTRACT

Compounds according to Formula I, devices containing the same and formulations containing the same are described. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Formula I, m 1 , m 2  and m 3  are 0, 1, 2 or 3; at least one of m 1 , m 2  and m 3  is 1, 2 or 3; n 1 , n 2 , and n 3  are integers independently selected from 1 to 10; and any of the hydrogens is optionally substituted by deuterium.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds for use as charge-transport, charge-blocking and host materials, as well as, devices, such as organic light emitting diodes, including the same.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an embodiment, a compound is provided that has the structure of Formula I shown below:

In Formula I:

-   -   m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 0, 1, 2 or 3;     -   at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 1, 2 or 3;     -   n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 1 to 10;         and     -   any of hydrogen is optionally substituted by deuterium.

According to another embodiment, a first device comprising an organic light emitting device is also provided. The first organic light emitting device can include an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer can include a compound of Formula I. The first device can be a consumer product, an organic light-emitting device, and/or a lighting panel.

According to still another embodiment, a formulation that includes a compound of Formula I is provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer.

FIG. 3 shows Formula I as disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F₄-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant carbon. Thus, where R^(B) is monosubstituted, then one R^(B) must be other than H. Similarly, where R^(C) is disubstituted, then two of R^(C) must be other than H. Similarly, where R^(B) is unsubstituted, R^(B) is hydrogen for all available positions.

Aromatic compounds containing benzene have been investigated as building blocks for host materials in phosphorescent OLEDs. However, existing configurations have proven deficient for a number of reasons related to triplet energy, glass transition temperature, molecular packing, charge transport and susceptibility to the Scholl reaction. The compounds described herein unexpectedly address these issues using oligophenylenes having multiple segments of para-biphenylene, para-terphenylene, para-quaterphenylene and para-quinquephenylene connected in meta-position. It unexpectedly appears that this is an optimal molecular structure to maintain triplet energy, thermal stability, molecular packing and charge-transport properties. Phosphorescent OLED devices using these inventive compounds as emissive-layer hosts demonstrated high-efficiency and excellent stability, comparable to those based on heteroaromatic compounds.

According to one embodiment, a compound having a structure according to Formula I is provided:

wherein m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 1, 2 or 3;

wherein n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 1 to 10; and

wherein any of hydrogen is optionally substituted by deuterium.

In some embodiments, the compound can have the structure according to Formula II:

In some embodiments, the compound can have the structure according to Formula III:

In some embodiments, the compound can have the structure according to Formula IV:

In some embodiments, at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 0. At least two of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 0 in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, each of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 1, 2 or 3. In some embodiments, at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 2 or 3, while at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 3 in other embodiments. In some embodiments, at least two of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 2 or 3, while at least two of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 3 in other embodiments. In some embodiments, each of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 2 or 3, while each of m₁, m₂ and m₃ can be 3 in still other embodiments.

In some embodiments, at least one or at least two of n₁, n₂, and n₃ is an integer selected from 2 to 10. In other embodiments, each of n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 2 to 10.

In some embodiments, at least one hydrogen of Formula I is substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments, each hydrogen of Formula I is substituted by deuterium.

In some specific embodiments, the compound can be selected from the group consisting of:

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a first device is also provided. The first device includes a first organic light emitting device, that includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer can include a compound according to Formula I, and its variations, as described herein. The first device can be one or more of a consumer product, an organic light-emitting device and a lighting panel.

In some embodiments of the first device, the compound of the Formula I is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 30.

In some embodiments, the organic layer can be an emissive layer and the compound of Formula I can be a host. The organic layer can also include an emissive dopant. The emissive dopant can be a transition metal complex having at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution;

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and

wherein two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the organic layer can be a blocking layer and the compound of Formula I can be a blocking material in the organic layer.

In some embodiments, the organic layer can be an electron transporting layer and the compound of Formula I can be an electron transporting material in the organic layer.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a formulation that comprises a compound according to Formula I is described. The formulation can also include one or more components selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, hole transport material, and an electron transport layer material, disclosed herein.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but not limit to: a phthalocyanine or porphryin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and sliane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH) or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr¹, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y₁₀₁-Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an ancillary ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N. Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected from NR¹⁰¹, O, or S.

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:

wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

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EXPERIMENTAL Synthesis of Compound 1

Compound 1 was synthesized as follows:

A solution of [1,1′-biphenyl]-3-ylboronic acid (2.5 g, 12.6 mmol), 3,3″-dichloro-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl (1.8 g, 6.0 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.11 g, 0.12 mmol), SPhos (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (3.8 g, 18.0 mmol) in toluene (100 ml) and water (25 ml) was refluxed at 110° C. under nitrogen overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the organic phase was isolated, washed with water, and dried over MgSO₄. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with heptane/DCM (3/2, v/v) as the eluent and trituration with boiling helptane and EtOAc successively. The crude product was further purified by recrystallization in m-xylene (100 ml) to yield Compound 1 (1.6 g, 50%) as white crystals.

Synthesis of Compound 2

Compound 2 was synthesized as follows:

A solution of [1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylboronic acid (8.47 g, 42.8 mmol), 1-chloro-3-iodobenzene (10 g, 41.9 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.969 g, 0.839 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (17.4 g, 126 mmol) in toluene (270 ml) and water (90 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 4.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and water, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with heptane/DCM (98/2, v/v) as eluent to yield 3-chloro-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl (9.3 g, 84%) as a white solid.

A solution of 3-chloro-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl (8.6 g, 32.5 mmol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (16.50 g, 65.0 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.595 g, 0.650 mmol), SPhos (1.067 g, 2.60 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (9.56 g, 97 mmol) in dioxane (200 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and water, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel with heptane/DCM (3/1 to 1/1, v/v) as eluent and trituration with boiling heptane to yield 2-([1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (8.7 g, 75%) as a white solid.

A solution of 2-([1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.20 g, 11.78 mmol), 3,3′-dibromo-1,1′-biphenyl (1.75 g, 5.61 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.205 g, 0.224 mmol), SPhos (0.368 g, 0.897 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (4.76 g, 22.44 mmol) in toluene (110 ml) and water (11 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 16 h. The precipitate was collected by filtration, and thoroughly washed with water, toluene and hexane. The crude product was dissolved in DCM and passed through a short plug of silica gel. Upon evaporation off the solvent, Compound 2 (2.4 g, 70%) was obtained as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 3

A solution of 3,3″-dichloro-1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl (1.75 g, 5.85 mmol), 2-([1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.38 g, 12.28 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.214 g, 0.234 mmol), SPhos (0.192 g, 0.468 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (7.45 g, 35.1 mmol) in toluene (60 ml) and water (20 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen overnight. After cooling to room temperature, it was diluted with water and the solid was collected by filtration and washed with water, ethanol and toluene successively. The crude product was triturated in boiling toluene, EtOAc and DCM successively and finally sublimed twice under vacuum (<10⁻⁵ torr) to yield Compound 3 (2.0 g, 50%) as a white solid.

Thermal Properties

Table 2 is a comparison of thermal properties of compound 2 and comparative compound CC-1 (below).

The glass transition temperatures (T_(g)) of selected compounds were measured using differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) during a heating scan at 10° C./min, while their evaporation temperatures (T_(v)) were recorded under vacuum (<10⁻⁵ torr).

TABLE 2 Compound Compound 2 CC-1 T_(g)  84° C.  84° C. T_(v) 260° C. 360° C. Both Compound 2 and CC-1 have T_(g) at 84° C., favorable to achieve stable morphology in thin films. However, comparative compound CC-1 has a T_(v) at 360° C., which is 100° C. higher than that of inventive Compound 1 (260° C.). Since compounds heated at high temperature are more prone to thermal decomposition, a high T_(v) is undesirable in device fabrication through vacuum thermal evaporation.

Device Examples

All devices were fabricated by high vacuum (˜10⁻⁷ Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode was 120 nm of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consisted of 1 nm of LiF followed by 100 nm of Aluminum. All devices were encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) immediately after fabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package. All device examples had organic stacks consisting of, sequentially, from the ITO surface, 10 nm thick of Compound A as the hole injection layer (HIL), 30 nm of 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPD) as the hole-transport layer (HTL), and 300 Å of inventive hosts (Compounds 1, 2 and 3) or comparative hosts (CC-1 and CC-2) doped with 7 wt % of Compound A as the emissive layer (EML). On top of the EML, 5 nm of Compound BL was deposited as the hole blocking layer (BL), followed by 45 nm of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq₃) as the electron-transport layer (ETL). The chemical structures of chemicals used in the devices are presented below.

Table 3 is a summary of the relative device data, where emission color, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power efficiency (PE) were recorded at 1000 nits, while the lifetime (LT₈₀%) defined as the time required for the device to decay to 80% of its initial luminance was calculated from the value measured at a constant current density of 40 mA/cm² assuming an acceleration factor of 2. All device data are normalized on those of Comparative Device C1.

Device ID Host Color EQE PE LT_(80%) Device 1 Compound 1 Green 128 145 119 Device 2 Compound 2 Green 127 132 176 Device 3 Compound 3 Green 115 107 124 Comparative CC-1 Green 100 100 100 Device C1 Comparative CC-2 Green 119 129 14 Device C2

Devices 1, 2 and 3, which use inventive compounds as hosts, were more efficient than Comparative Device C1, which is based on comparative compound CC-1, as the host. Furthermore, Devices 1, 2 and 3 have a better operational stability than Comparative Devices C1 and C2. Some of the possible explanation for this unexpectedly improved performance of the devices based on inventive compounds (Devices 1, 2 and 3) include more balanced electron/hole fluxes, induced by a more favorable molecular organization of the disclosed compounds, and suppression of undesirable Scholl reaction in host compounds.

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 

We claim:
 1. A compound having the formula:

wherein m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 1, 2 or 3; wherein n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 1 to 10; and wherein any of hydrogen is optionally substituted by deuterium.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:


3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is
 0. 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least two of m₁, m₂ and m₃ are
 0. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 1, 2 or
 3. 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 2 or
 3. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is
 3. 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least two of m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 2 or
 3. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of n₁, n₂, and n₃ is an integer selected from 2 to
 10. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least two of n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 2 to
 10. 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one hydrogen of Formula I is substituted by deuterium.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein each hydrogen of Formula I is substituted by deuterium.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


16. A first device comprising an organic light-emitting device, further comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound having Formula I:

wherein m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 1, 2 or 3; wherein n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 1 to 10; and wherein any of hydrogen is optionally substituted by deuterium.
 17. The first device of claim 16, wherein the compound of the Formula I is selected from the group consisting of:


18. The first device of claim 16, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound of Formula I is a host.
 19. The first device of claim 16, wherein the organic layer further comprises an emissive dopant.
 20. The first device of claim 19, wherein the emissive dopant is a transition metal complex having at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution, or no substitution; wherein R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are optionally joined to form a fused ring or form a multidentate ligand.
 21. The first device of claim 16, wherein the organic layer is a blocking layer and the compound having the Formula I is a blocking material in the organic layer.
 22. The first device of claim 16, wherein the organic layer is an electron transporting layer and the compound having the Formula I is an electron transporting material in the organic layer.
 23. The first device of claim 16, wherein the first device is a consumer product.
 24. The first device of claim 16, wherein the first device is an organic light-emitting device.
 25. The first device of claim 16, wherein the first device comprises a lighting panel.
 26. A formulation comprising a compound of Formula I

wherein m₁, m₂ and m₃ are 0, 1, 2 or 3; and at least one of m₁, m₂ and m₃ is 1, 2 or 3; wherein n₁, n₂, and n₃ are integers independently selected from 1 to 10; and wherein any of hydrogen is optionally substituted by deuterium. 